What is the knowledge system of electronic hardware
Recently, a lot of great software players have entered the hardware industry, but they don't know where to start. I believe that everyone is equally confused when faced with a huge knowledge system. The best response strategy is to find an entry point that is closest to your needs, and then spread it out in all directions to gradually understand the entire knowledge network. This article is for you to find your current position in this knowledge network, and then choose the next step with purpose and direction.
To put it simply, the hardware system is layered like software: the bottom layer is microscopic physical phenomena including electrical phenomena, which is almost a collection of pure abstract theories, and there are not many objects that can be seen or touched. For example, after a semiconductor is doped with specific impurities, the ability of its nucleus to capture free electrons is enhanced or weakened. The resulting application of PN junction. Another example is the force of charged particles in a magnetic field (Lorentz force), which extends applications such as cathode ray tubes and Hall effect. There are also energized wires and the shape of the magnetic field generated by the solenoid, and this application is more. For another example, the fluctuating distance between the transmitting source and the receiving point causes the received frequency change (Doppler effect), which extends the application of speed measuring radar...Basically, from junior high school physics to university physics, everything is related to electricity The relevant knowledge is covered in it. As basic disciplines, physics and mathematics are in the same line as these basic physical phenomena, and are the cornerstones of the entire hardware industry and even the software industry. Nowadays, many hardware engineers are not familiar with these basic disciplines, which will bring them great limitations when solving problems. One is that they cannot quickly find the most suitable solution, and the other is that they cannot analyze the ins and outs of the solution in hand, and how to optimize the current solution. There are plans. On the upper level are discrete electronic components. Resistors, capacitors, inductors, and diodes are called passive devices. Triodes and field effect transistors are active devices. The characteristics of these devices are reflected in the characteristics of the output signal changing with the input signal. For these characteristics to be reflected, it must be In addition to the input signal, a power supply is provided, so it is called an active device.
Discrete electronic components are the basic unit for board-level hardware engineers to select materials. This layer is divided into two aspects: theory and practice. Practice is not difficult. Find a few typical electronic components and test them with a multimeter. If you see it in the future, you can recognize it. In terms of theory, qualified analog electrical engineers must be proficient in the characteristics and typical applications of these components. Digital hardware engineers often don't pay much attention to these basic knowledge. Some people can't draw the circuit symbols of N-MOSFET and P-MOSFET, and some people don't know how to calculate the static operating point of transistors. There are also people who do not fully understand the zero-state response of the RC circuit, and do not know how to calculate the reset RC network time constant of a digital integrated circuit. How much of these will constitute flaws. To learn this level of theory, it is best to refer to the general university "Electrical Engineering" textbook, the upper and lower volumes of Higher Education Press. If you have enough in-depth understanding of the bottom physics mentioned above, it will greatly enhance your understanding of discrete electronic components. For example, the knowledge of resistivity and electromagnetic induction can help you understand why a simple wire has to extend stray capacitance and inductance so many messy problems, when should it be treated as an equipotential body, and when? Consider its location and shape. High-speed circuit engineers and RF engineers often face these problems. Which group are you targeting? The next level is integrated electronic components. That is, electronic components including integrated circuits (ICs) and various integrated sensors. Connecting the discrete components of the above-mentioned layer with wires and the circuit board will cause many problems such as bulkiness, discrete characteristics, uneven temperature distribution, and signal reflection caused by excessively long wire distances. That's why Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce thought of miniaturizing them onto a very small semiconductor substrate. Almost all integrated circuits are active devices. There are two directions for integrated electronic components. The upstream is the chip-level microelectronics industry, that is, the design and production of electronic components. They focus on the basic subjects discussed earlier. The elective courses for board-level hardware engineers are compulsory for them. For example, all knowledge related to tape-out technology such as light painting. There are many different occupations in the subdivision, so I won't repeat them here. Downstream are board-level hardware engineers, who use the finished products produced by the upstream industry to apply.
When I was in junior high school, I flipped through a book and read several logic gate component descriptions. I wondered if there was a book that included all types of integrated circuits in the world. At that time, I thought that a qualified engineer must remember everything in his mind. Instructions for the use of integrated circuits can only work. In fact, new integrated circuits are being developed every day, and websites with so many models that specialize in components are difficult to update. So there are always unfamiliar models you don't know, but this doesn't mean you can't be a qualified engineer. If you are proficient in the principles of basic discrete components and common circuit structures, then the new integrated circuit is held in your hand, the most basic structure is nothing more than these things, it is just a recombination. The level of integrated electronic components is also divided into two aspects: theory and practice. In the practice of this level, the initial stage is to take a few common chips to understand the package. Common package types will be recognized as OK.
The next step is to look at the theory, and finally going back to practice is the actual application of the specific IC you selected. In theory, the "Electrical Engineering" textbook mentioned above also involves knowledge of operational amplifiers and digital logic. Knowledge such as the simplification of logic expressions will reflect its importance when using 4000 series logic integrated circuits or when doing CPLD/FPGA design, and logic operations are indispensable when writing programs. To master this level of knowledge, the focus is on English in addition to the underlying foundation. When you deal with integrated circuits, you mostly read documentation. What conditions do you need to meet, what conditions do you choose, and how to use them all depend on these. English shouldn't be a big problem for software engineers. After all, most people have seen the term RTFM when working on software. A phrase that foreigners often say to dumb questioners: Read the fucking manual! In particular, the integrated circuit layer contains programmable components, including microcontrollers, CPLD/FPGA, DSP, independent processors (CPU, GPU, etc.), memory, custom programmable mixed-signal circuits, and so on. For these programmable devices, there is a higher layer, which is the hardware abstraction layer (HAL). This layer belongs to software, so simulation engineers don't need to touch it. But digital engineers, especially embedded operating system engineers, must deal with it when operating the underlying hardware. The engineer who writes the driver sometimes has to read the hardware manual to understand the physical characteristics of the hardware module he uses, and then he can continue to write his own code. From this level up is the domain of software engineers. That field is so luxuriant that I can't continue. Most people who want to learn hardware come with specific needs. There may be a project in hand that requires a platform, or is very interested in a particular device. In this case, the best entry point is the specific thing in your hand. Take a look at which layer it belongs to, and then radiate outwards to understand its ins and outs. Begin to build perceptual understanding of the entire industry from related objects.
If you are familiar with the real thing, learn the theory behind it. Different theories eventually converge in the brain to form a systematic theoretical system. Many hardware engineers have been learning since elementary school, and learned all the way. To learn hardware well, the most primitive motivation comes from curiosity about natural sciences, but also to enjoy the fun of hands-on. These can not be mastered overnight. It takes almost two or three years to learn, and there are different branches in the hardware field, and sometimes they can even be said to be separated from each other. Energy is limited, how much you can master depends on how far you have the perseverance to go.
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