Research on the setting method of horse track based on stadium lighting

Lin Ruoci ¹ , Zhu Yue ²

(1.China Academy of Building Research, Beijing 100013; 2 Changfeilipu (China) Investment Co., Ltd., Beijing 100600)

Abstract: This paper expounds the way to realize the lighting of stadiums from the aspects of the functional requirements of stadium lighting, the requirements of competition and broadcasting, and then explores how to correctly and reasonably set the position of the horseway, so as to rationally design the road for architects and structural engineers. And the integration of the entire building form provides a scientific basis for practical value.

Key words: stadium lighting; horse track location; setting method

CLC number: TM923 Document code: A

Reseach on Catwalk Positioning in Venues Lighting

Lin Ruoci ¹ , Zhu Yue ²

(1. China Academy of Building Research, Beijing 100013, China;

2.Philips (China) Investment Co., Ltd., Beijing 100600, China)

Abstract: This article elaborated the way to achieve venues lighting based on its functionality , Contests and broadcasting reguiements. Moreover, the article discussed how to determine properly position of catwalk , so that it provided scientific basis of practical value that will help architects and structural engineers When designing catwalk and integrate the entire architectural form .

Key words: venues lighting; catwalk position; establishment method

introduction

The lighting system of the stadium is one of the most important facilities of the stadium, and it is also the most technical part of the stadium. The quality of the lighting will directly affect the competition, fairness, player safety, audience atmosphere and other important cores of the competition. content. Among them, the setting of the horse track is undoubtedly crucial for sports lighting. It will not only seriously affect the quality and quantity of lighting, but also bring more energy consumption. For stadiums, the location of the track is related to multiple majors such as architecture, structure, electrical, lighting, etc. Different professions will have different focuses, and often there will be crossovers, which also causes the location of the horse to be multi-party. The reason for arbitrarily modifying, even the horse can not be used.

However, in the construction of long-term venues, many participants did not pay much attention to the importance of lighting. Therefore, there were many practices in the design that contradicted the requirements. The setting of the horseway did not take into account the standards. The most basic requirements of lighting, such as the position of the horse track, are too close to the sideline, even within the sideline, which makes it difficult to reach the standard value of the vertical illumination at the edge of the horizontal illumination; or the height of the horseway is too low to satisfy There is no limit to the glare angle requirements of the venue lighting, causing severe glare; other roads are too short, resulting in almost no vertical illumination at the ends of the competition venue, or low illumination. In addition, in terms of lighting energy saving, according to relevant data and survey results of actual venues, it is shown that the LPD value of the same level of site lighting power density can be several times different for similar venues. One of the important reasons is the location of the horse. The settings are unreasonable. Through the research on the location of the stadium's horse-drawn track, the correct setting method of the horse-course is proposed, and the design rules of the horse-course are further standardized. The architects are required to fully meet the requirements of the lighting profession for the performance of the stadium.

1 Basic requirements for sports lighting

For sports lighting, competition, broadcast and safety are the most important components. With the increasing development and popularity of sports and competitions, more and more participants and people watching the game, the requirements for lighting are getting higher and higher. Lighting facilities must ensure that athletes and referees can see all the activities and scenes on the playing field so that they can achieve the best level, and the audience also needs to watch the game in a pleasant environment and comfortable conditions. At the same time, the lighting design should also provide high-quality TV broadcasts for the majority of TV viewers watching the game. In addition, for crowded stadiums, it is extremely important to ensure that a large number of people safely enter and exit the stadium and evacuate in an emergency.

The requirements for the number and quality of lighting for stadiums and stadiums are specified in the lighting design and testing standards of the stadium. JGJ153 has detailed requirements. The lighting requirements should also emphasize the following requirements for the lighting of the venue:

1.1 Lighting and competition related requirements

(1) The installation position of the luminaire is generally not allowed directly above the site, and certain sports such as badminton and table tennis are more stringent;

(2) There are areas where most of the venues are not allowed to install lamps, mainly for the lighting of the main line of sight, such as volleyball, badminton, tennis, etc.

(3) The installation position and projection angle of the luminaire avoid glare to the athletes;

(4) Prevent direct or reflected light from the luminaire (the pool surface) from affecting the athletes and the auditorium.

1.2 Requirements related to lighting and broadcasting

(1) The vertical illumination of the camera direction and its uniformity should meet the requirements of imaging and broadcasting;

(2) The color temperature will affect the adjustment of the camera's white balance. For stadiums of the broadcast level, T cp >4000 K (general broadcast) or 5500K (high-definition broadcast) is required;

(3) The color rendering index will affect the degree of color reproduction of the broadcast and camera. For the stadiums of the broadcast level, Ra >80 (general broadcast) or Ra >90 (HD broadcast);

(4) The installation position and projection angle of the luminaire sometimes cause glare to the camera.

1.3 Safety requirements

This requires meeting the emergency lighting regulations required by the country and the project area.

2 horse road setting needs to be considered

2.1 Misunderstandings that may arise in horse track design

(1) One of the requirements of the architect for the aesthetics of the horseway: The horse track is placed inside the steel frame or grid. Lighting standards stipulate that there should be no obstacles between the luminaire and the site. Many people think that the lamps are installed in the steel frame, and the light can be transmitted through the gap of the steel frame. This is a very wrong view. If the number of lamps is large, the part of the light that is blocked cannot be ignored. When part of the light of the luminaire is blocked by the structure, it is not only the light that is obtained by the illuminated surface is reduced, but the irregular illuminated steel frame is not only unsightly, but will be counterproductive. In order to avoid this phenomenon, the horse track of many projects is installed inside the steel frame, and the light fixture is hung to the lower part of the steel frame. Although the above phenomenon can be eliminated, all the installation, commissioning and maintenance must be completed under the horse track. Loss of the convenience of the carriage as a carrier, and second, it may cause certain safety hazards, so it can be said that the installation of the horse road inside the steel frame is extremely unreasonable.

(2) The second requirement of the architect for the beauty of the horse road: The position of the horse is related to the structure of the building, such as the shape of the ceiling. First of all, it should be noted that the relative center light intensity of the luminaire can reach 2 × 104 ~ 3 × 104 cd / klm when the luminaire is turned on or during the game, and the absolute light intensity can reach 2 × 106 ~ 5 × 106 cd, the brightness is very high, if Direct view of the luminaire, due to the human eye's adaptability to light, such a high surface brightness of the luminaire will be seen as a dark background, and the background style, color, etc. cannot be seen at all. In reality, the audience’s attention is also All are concentrated in the venue rather than the top, so it can be said that the top of the horse track shape or decoration, can not be noticed in normal use. If the correspondence between the horse road and the ceiling is overemphasized, the result is likely to affect the rationality of the site lighting. In the stadium lighting, the aesthetics of the building can be taken into consideration without affecting the functional requirements.

2.2 Space facilities block the lighting system

In some venue projects, due to the lack of communication and coordination of multiple professional departments in the early stage, ventilation ducts, pipelines, audio equipment, etc. will appear below the height of the horseway, which will block the lighting, which is completely unsatisfactory. Some venues have media video equipment, which often block the light projected by the luminaires, and try to avoid these facilities when designing the lighting.

2.3 Raceway geometry, rigidity requirements and load problems

In the horse track, not only need to install lamps, audio equipment, but also carry a large number of equipment such as cables, bridges or trunking, installation accessories, etc., but also carry people's traffic, maintenance operations, etc., so too small size will not meet the load requirements. In addition, since the ballast housings of high-power lamps are often separated and need to be installed on the horse track, it is recommended that the width of the road should not be less than 1 m and the clearance height should not be less than 1.5 m.

The requirement for the rigidity of the horseway is that the projection position of the lamp does not deviate due to the distortion and deformation of the horse track. Compared with the stadium lighting, the accuracy of the projection angle of the high-quality lamp needs to be controlled within 2°, and the accuracy required by the stadium is higher. At the same time, the rigidity requirements of the horse track will also increase.

It can be seen that the horse track needs a large load capacity to meet the functional and safety requirements. Practical experience shows that the load of the HDTV level sports building must meet 350 to 400 kg/m to meet the requirements, while the too low load reserve may be Dangerous.

3 How to set the position of the horse

In the design of the stadium horse track, all the above factors need to be considered, and the most important one is the influence of the position of the horse track on the lighting effect. The following will mainly analyze this part of the content.

3.1 Relationship between horizontal illumination, vertical illumination and horse track

In the sports lighting of the relay level, the main camera and the auxiliary camera are often set in different directions, and the specific position is related to the characteristics of the movement. Here, the main and auxiliary cameras are respectively set on the side of the playing field and the bottom line as an example. The luminaire should try to provide the vertical illumination of the camera in two directions. The projection direction of the luminaire is basically inclined. The luminaire provides the vertical illumination of the auxiliary camera and the main camera in the X and Y directions respectively. In the relay level lighting, the vertical illumination of the main and auxiliary cameras is different, such as 2000/1400 (lx) for the VI level, 1400/1000 (lx) for the V level, and 1000/750 (lx) for the IV level. Between 1:0.7 and 1:0.75, therefore sin A:sin B = 1:0.75, which means that the A angle is greater than the B angle, as shown in Figure 1. The vertical illumination in both directions is uniform, which means that all calculation points should be designed according to similar projection principles.

Considering the above angle relationship, in order to ensure the vertical illumination of the auxiliary camera, the horse track on the bottom line of the field is very important. The optimal position of the bottom line is to satisfy the above-mentioned angle relationship when the projection angle of the lamp projected to the calculation point is satisfied.

3.2 Relationship between the projection angle of the luminaire and the position of the horse

The projection angle of the luminaire directly affects the illumination indicators such as horizontal illuminance E h , vertical illuminance E v , illuminance uniformity and glare index GR , which must be highly valued in the design of the horse track.

Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the projection direction of the lamp

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of aiming direction for luminaire

(1) Position requirements projected to the near side of the site

In sports lighting, the average illuminance and the average vertical illuminance have illuminance ratios and uniformity requirements, in contrast, the uniformity of vertical illuminance is more complicated. The two angles φ and θ of the luminaire projected to the farthest edge and the nearest edge are important factors determining the main illumination indicators, and the θ angle is the key to determining the vertical illuminance, illuminance uniformity and illuminance ratio of the near edge position.

(2) Position requirements projected to the far side of the site

In sports lighting, there is an important indicator that the maximum glare index cannot exceed the value required by sports lighting standards: Stadium GR<50, stadium GR <30, the simplest method can predict whether GR can be achieved by φ angle The glare limit value is required to limit the φ angle mainly to meet the glare index requirement. Therefore, the position of the horseway must meet the requirements of the θ angle and the φ angle, which will be the most important condition to be considered when setting the horse track.

4 Determine the position parameters of the horse track

The position parameters of the horse track include the horizontal distance d of the horse track from the near side of the competition site, the height h of the track from the ground, and the horizontal distance s of the horse track from the center point of the site.

According to relevant domestic and international standards and design experience and calculation and analysis results, the following lamp installation location requirements can be obtained.

(1) FIFA standards (2002, 2007, 2011) Applicable to the installation guidelines for lamps and fittings of Class IV and V.

1 The angle between the luminaire projected onto the field and the far side is at least 25° and the maximum is no more than 40°. (including double horse road). The angle between the luminaire projected onto the four-corner lighthouse pole and the center point of the venue is a minimum of 25°.

2 The angle between the projection direction of the rear row of the double-row horse track and the near side of the site should be 65°~50°.

3 The angle between the luminaire behind the goal area and the center point of the field is at least 25°, and the angle between the center point of the goal is 75°.

(2) Design experience and calculation analysis results: Consider the requirements of horizontal illumination, vertical illumination, illumination uniformity, illumination ratio, and glare limitation.

1 outdoor stadium

The angle between the luminaire projected on the track and the far line is not less than 25°, and the angle between the luminaire and the near side of the site is not more than 65°.

The distance between the horizontal projection of the middle position of the football field and the center point of the field is generally 60m to 80m.

2 indoor gymnasium

The angle between the luminaire projected on the track and the far side line is not less than 30°, and the angle between the projection direction of the luminaire and the near side of the field is not more than 65° or 60°.

The position of the single-row horse track and the projection angle of the luminaire meet the requirements of Figure 2. If the double-row track is used, the position of the front row of horses meets φ ≥ 25 °, and the position of the rear row meets the requirement of θ ≤ 65 °, see Figure 3.

Figure 2 Single horse road lighting projection angle

Fig.2 Luminaire aiming angle for single catwalk (each side)

In the figure: φ is the angle between the projection direction of the luminaire and the far line of the site (unit: °); θ is the angle between the projection direction of the luminaire and the near edge of the site (unit: °); w is the width of the site (unit: m); d For the luminaire (horse road) horizontal projection distance from the near sideline (unit: m); h is the height of the luminaire (horse road) from the ground (unit: m); d' is the double-horse rear luminaire (horse) horizontal projection distance from the near edge (Unit: m); s is the distance of the single-horizon luminaire (horse) horizontal projection from the center of the site (unit: m); s1, s2 is the two-row luminaire of the double-horse road (horse) horizontal projection distance from the center of the site (unit: m ).

Figure 3 Double horse road lighting projection angle

Fig.3 Luminaire aiming angle for double catwalk (each side)

According to the horse track design guidelines provided above, the design parameters of the typical track pavement position (Fig. 1) are calculated according to equations (1) and (2):

For the double-horse road (Fig. 3), it is easy to calculate the design parameters of the horse track by setting the front row of horses to be above the near side line and the height of the front and rear rows of the horses are the same.

The calculation results are shown in Table 1 - Table 9. The calculation parameters of the horse track in the table can basically meet the requirements of lighting design.

Table 1 Table of the installation height and the calculation parameters of the single-horse lighting of the outdoor stadium

Table 1 Single catwalk (each side) for athletics-Luminaire

Mouting height and calculation parameters in

Record table

A few notes about the calculation results:

(1) When the value of θ is 70° in Tables 1 and 2, the vertical illuminance near the near side line is insufficient and the horizontal/vertical illuminance ratio is out of adjustment. It is generally not recommended.

(2) For small competition venues, it is generally not necessary to use double horse tracks, such as a dedicated blue volleyball hall.

Table 2 Table of the installation height and the calculation parameters of the outdoor stadium double-horse road lamps

Table 2 Double catwalk (each side) for athletics-Luminaire

Mouting height and calculation parameters in

Record table

Table 3 Table of the installation height and the corresponding calculation parameters of the single-horse road lighting of the special football field

Table 3 Single catwalk (each side) for soccer-Luminaire

Mouting height and calculation parameters in

Record table

Table 4 Table of the installation height and the corresponding calculation parameters of the double-horse road lamps of the special football field

Table 4 Double catwalk (each side) for soccer-

Luminaire mouting height and calculation parameters

In corresponding table

Table 5 Table of the installation height and the corresponding calculation parameters of the single-horse lighting of the comprehensive gymnasium

Table 5 Single catwalk (each side) for gymnasium-Luminaire

Mouting height and calculation parameters in

Record table

Table 6 Table of the installation height of the double-horse luminaires of the gymnasium and the corresponding calculation parameters

Table 6 Double catwalk (each side) for gymnasium-

Luminaire mouting height and calculation

Parameters in corresponding table

Table 7 Dedicated basket volleyball hall single horse road lighting installation height and

Correspondence table for each calculation parameter

Table 7 Single catwalk (each side) for basketball-Luminaire

Mouting height and calculation parameters in

Record table

Table 8 Table of the installation height and the calculation parameters of the single-horse lighting of the tennis hall

Table 8 Double catwalk (each side) for tennis-Luminaire

Mouting height and calculation parameters in

Record table

(3) Taking into account the particularity of the swimming and diving hall, the swimming-level diving hall of the competition level should in principle adopt a double-horse layout.

(4) The calculation parameters of the swimming pool in Table 9 are only calculated according to the general principles, and are not completely applicable to the actual lighting design. In particular, the venues of the broadcast level must consider the glare generated by the athletes, and also consider the water surface reflection. The influence of glare on the auditorium and the calculation of the height of the diving are also complicated and require special discussion.

Table 9 Table of the installation height of the double-row horse-drawn luminaires in the swimming pool and the corresponding calculation parameters

Table 9 Single catwalk (each side) for swimming pool-Luminaire mouting height and calculation

Parameters in corresponding table

In the above calculation, the height of the horse road refers to the height of the position of the center point. The height of the position of the end of the horse can be determined according to the following principles: The angle between the projection direction of the lamp on the end of the outdoor stadium and the center point of the site is not less than 25°, the indoor gymnasium The angle between the projection direction of the luminaire and the center point of the site at the end of the road is not less than 30°.

5 shape and number of horse tracks

For sports lighting, architects and structural engineers need to know more about the installation location of the luminaire. Combining the content described above, that is, the position of the luminaire needs to meet the following requirements.

(1) The closest projection angle of the luminaire (affecting E h , E v value, E h /E v proportional relationship, uniformity).

(2) The farthest projection angle of the luminaire (affects E h , E v value, E h /E v proportional relationship, uniformity, GR glare index maximum).

(3) The position where the luminaire is not allowed to be installed (such as the area directly above the site, the 15° range on both sides of the bottom line of the goal area, the direction of the main line of sight of the athlete during the game, etc.).

(4) Other factors that may affect lighting quality and equipment installation.

5.1 The shape of the horse

In many cases, the design of the track often needs to consider the aesthetics and shape of the building, which will require more lamps and greater energy consumption, and usually requires a trade-off between the two. The most ideal form of horse-riding is best suited to the shape of the playing field, such as a circular track with a circular track, an elliptical track with an oval site, a square horse course with a square field, and so on.

5.2 The best position and number of horse tracks

In the setting of the horse track, what kind of horse track and several horse tracks are suitable, the most fundamental principle comes from the above lighting requirements. The following question is discussed.

(a) Horse Road Programme 1 (left) (b) Horse Road Programme 2 (right)

Figure 4 Horse path plan 1, 2

Fig.4 Catwalk section plan 1, 2

Figure 4 (a) The horse path plan 1 is an ideal horse path plan. When the luminaire is projected to the site far and the angle between the two edges and the ground is 25° (the stadium is 30°) and 65°, the intersection of the two dotted lines Just in the position where the horse can be set up, the single-row track can complete all the requirements, the steel structure will be the most economical, and the effect will be the most simple. Although the number of lamps is not necessarily the least, the total cost of the structure and lighting system It must be the lowest. If the intersection is lower than the position of the horseway and the horse track needs to be increased, the number of lamps will increase due to the farther projection distance. If the intersection is higher than the position of the horse track, strictly speaking, 2 horse tracks should be set to meet the requirements. In this way, the weight and material input of the horse track may increase.

Figure 4 (b) The horse path plan 2 is a typical double-horse route. When the height of the site does not reach the optimal upper line condition, the use of a horse-track position cannot meet the requirements of two angles projected to the far and near edges. In the case of two rows of horse tracks, the 25° ground angle of the far and near side lines, the 25° ground angle of the midline of the field, and the rear row of the road are required to meet the requirements of the proximal edge to the ground angle of less than 65°. Good lighting effect. In theory, the number of double-horse roads is smaller than that of single-horse roads, and the closer to the dotted line below, the smaller the number of lamps, but the material input and construction volume of double-horse roads tends to double that of single-track roads. The total cost is compensated for by the need to calculate whether the cost of the multi-input ramp can be reduced by the overall height.

(a) Horse Road Programme 3 (left) (b) Horse Road Programme 4 (right)

Figure 5 Horse path plan 3, 4

Fig.5 Catwalk section plan 3, 4

Figure 5 (a) The horse road plan 3 is an undesirable horse-course plan. When the height of the site does not reach the optimal downline condition, the two-row horse-track is still unable to reach the 25° ground angle and 65° of the far and near edge. This angle is already the limit. When entering the ground angle, the calculation result will not meet the requirements of GR. The luminaire must not be placed directly above the site. The biggest result of this result is that the building height is not enough, and the lighting will not meet the requirements. The venue is downgraded, which is also the worst solution in the road.

Figure 5 (b) The horse path plan 4 is an extension of the horse path plan 1. When the luminaire is located higher than the position projected to the site and the angle between the two edges and the ground is 40° and 65° respectively, the single row of horse tracks All the requirements can be fulfilled. Although the investment in the steel structure will be the most economical, the number of lamps will increase as the projection distance increases, and the energy consumption and construction cost will increase. Therefore, it is not as good as the solution 1.

The horse path plan shown in Figure 6 is the lowest limit position of the scheme 3. The front row of horses cannot enter directly above the site, and it is required to meet the requirement that the lamp is projected to the opposite side and the ground angle is greater than 25°. The angle between the rear row of horses and the near ground is less than 65°. When it is lower than this position, the parameters of the site lighting may not all meet the requirements.

Finally, it must also be emphasized that the following horse track locations are not up to standard.

Figure 6 Horse Road Plan 5

Fig.6 Catwalk section plan 5

(1) The single-row horse-track of the broadcast-level venue is close to the sideline of the site. This type of horse-mounted luminaire cannot meet the vertical illumination requirements of the calculation points near the near-edge.

(2) Too low horses, in terms of TV broadcasting, especially for HDTV HD broadcast venues, the lighting requirements are very high, the number of lamps is large, the power of single lamps is high, and the use of space below 12m will cause extreme impact on athletes. The feeling of comfort and the competition also affects the competition, so high-level stadiums take into account that the lighting system should limit the minimum height of the road.

6 Conclusion

Regarding the setting of the position of the horse track, it is especially important for sports lighting. For a long time, there has been a lack of a unified solution, which has brought great difficulties to lighting design. The position of the horse track not only affects the functional indicators of lighting, but also has an important impact on lighting energy saving. This study will provide a scientific theoretical basis for the rational setting of the relevant standards, and will also provide technical support for improving the lighting quality of the stadium and implementing lighting energy conservation.

references

[1] Ministry of Construction of the People's Republic of China. JGJ153—2007 Stadium lighting design and testing standards [S]. Beijing: China Building Industry Press, 2007.

[ 2 ] FOOTBOLL STADIUMS ( FIFA ).lighting and powersupply.FIFA, 2007: 164.

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