People often ask Xiaobian, is XX car fuel efficient? How much does the XX car consume? In the small series of driving style, the fuel consumption is 20 per year. In Xiaobian, it seems that the fuel consumption is 15 and it is called fuel saving.
In the same car, some people have high fuel consumption and some people have low fuel consumption. They are not only related to driving habits, but also related to the daily car environment. So how do you calculate the most accurate fuel consumption?
Manufacturer bench fuel consumption test
The engine is mounted on the gantry, the ambient temperature is controlled, the front electric fan is blown, the water load is carried on the back, the driving state of the car is simulated, and the computer is controlled and calculated and drawn: power, power, torque, cylinder pressure, intake And the fuel consumption data and curve chart of exhaust temperature, 100 kilometers, etc., of course, this data is used by the manufacturer to adjust the data of the engine and the commissioning car, and the daily consumption of the vehicle fuel is different.
The most professional fuel consumption test
On the special runway of the special experimental yard, under the condition of full load and constant speed under the condition of full load and constant speed, the original fuel supply system of the vehicle is cut off by the special measuring instrument, and the oil in the measuring cup is started. Run, do not calculate the fuel consumption during acceleration, can not slide, run tens or 100 meters of the loop, calculate the fuel consumption and other data such as 100 kilometers; such tests believe that few people will get.
Media Xiaobian fuel consumption test
Many media will borrow some test drive back, use the same fueling gun at the same gas station, and draw the parking position of the front and rear wheels on the ground, and then add it to the jump gun, which may be under full load or under full load conditions. After running 100 km at the same speed, return to the same position at the gas station, use the same refueling gun to add oil to the rifle again, and look at the number of refueling machines to calculate the actual fuel consumption data for 100 km. In this way, the fuel consumption data for 100 km. It includes acceleration, a small amount of deceleration and oil-sliding and personal driving technology errors, although not particularly professional, but closer to the actual fuel consumption data of everyday cars, it is still a little reference.
Daily test method
Everyone can usually go to work to fix the gas station. After the same fueling gun is used to add oil to the rifle, the odometer is reset to zero. After a few days or a week, when the fuel tank is turned on, the emergency light is on. Then go to the same gas station and use the same fueling gun to add oil to the rifle. Calculate how much oil is added. Calculate the fuel consumption of 100 kilometers with the added oil and the number of kilometers traveled. This calculation method, and your usual use. Car habits, road conditions, distance, driving technology, more reference.
Lead Free Piezoelectric Elements
The Co-Al Co-doped Barium Titanate
Lead-free Piezoelectric Ceramics was successfully developed by Yuhai company
through repeated experiments. By Researching the influence of Co-Al Co-doping
on the structure and properties of Barium Titanate-based piezoelectric
ceramics, the formulation and preparation technology of Barium Titanate-based
piezoelectric ceramics were optimized. Yuhai`s BaTiO3 was prepared by conventional
solid-phase sintering method, with the piezoelectric constant d33 (>170pC/N),
dielectric loss tgδ≤0.5% and mechanical coupling coefficient Kp≥0.34.
Barium titanate lead-free piezoelectric
ceramics are important basic materials for the development of modern science
and technology, which was widely used in the manufacture of ultrasonic
transducers, underwater acoustic transducers, electroacoustic transducers,
ceramic filters, ceramic transformers, ceramic frequency discriminators, high
voltage generators, infrared detectors, surface acoustic wave devices,
electro-optic devices, ignition and detonation devices, and piezoelectric
gyroscope and so on.
Application: military, ocean, fishery, scientific research,
mine detection, daily life and other fields.
China Patent of Yuhai company`s BaTiO3
Chinese Patent No.: ZL 2011 1
0126758.6
Name: Lead-free Barium Titanate
Piezoelectric Material with Addition of Cobalt and Aluminum
Lead free piezo material BaTiO3
Lead-free Material
Properties
BaTiO3
Dielectric Constant
ɛTr3
1260
Coupling factor
KP
0.34
K31
0.196
K33
0.43
Kt
0.32
Piezoelectric coefficient
d31
10-12m/v
-60
d33
10-12m/v
160
g31
10-3vm/n
-5.4
g33
10-3vm/n
14.3
Frequency coefficients
Np
3180
N1
2280
N3
Nt
2675
Elastic compliance coefficient
Se11
10-12m2/n
8.4
Machanical quality factor
Qm
1200
Dielectric loss factor
Tg δ
%
0.5
Density
Ï
g/cm3
5.6
Curie Temperature
Tc
°C
115
Young's modulus
YE11
<109N/m3
119
Poison Ratio
0.33
Piezo Element,Piezo Ceramic Elements,Piezoelectric Ceramic,Pzt Tubes
Zibo Yuhai Electronic Ceramic Co., Ltd. , https://www.yhpiezo.com