Give the world the first definition of an industrial robot
Electronic enthusiasts eight o'clock: Industrial robot definition: Industrial robot is a multi-joint robot or multi-degree-of-freedom machine device for industrial fields. It can automatically perform work. It is a kind of function that realizes various functions by its own power and control ability. machine. It can be commanded by humans or run in accordance with pre-programmed procedures, and modern industrial robots can also act on the principles of artificial intelligence.
George Divo applied for the first robot patent in 1954 (granted in 1961). The first company to make robots was UnimaTIon, founded by Divo and founded by Joseph F. Engelberger in 1956, and is based on Divo's original patent. UnimaTIon robots are also known as programmable transfer machines because their primary purpose at the beginning was to transfer objects from one point to another, separated by less than ten feet. They use hydraulic actuators and program the joint coordinates, ie the angles of the joints in the storage and playback operations in one teaching phase. They are accurate to 1/10,000 of an inch. After UnimaTIon authorized its technology, Kawasaki Heavy Industries and GKN, manufactured Unimates in Japan and the United Kingdom respectively. UnimaTIon's only competitor for some time is Ohio, Cincinnati Milacron. This fundamentally changed the late 1970s, when several large consortiums of Japan began producing similar industrial robots.
In 1969, Victor Schainmann invented Stanford's arm at Stanford University, an all-electric, 6-axis articulated robot designed to allow an arm solution. This allows it to accurately track the more complex applications of robots with potential paths in space, such as assembly and welding. Scheinman designed the second arm of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, known as the "MIT Institute's Arm." Scheinman, receiving a scholarship from Unimation to develop his design, sold to those who designed Unimation who further To develop their support, General Motors, and later it was listed as a programmable general purpose machine assembly (PUMA).
The research of modern robots began in the middle of the 20th century. Its technical background is the development of computer and automation, as well as the development and utilization of atomic energy.
Since the first digital electronic computer was introduced in 1946, the computer has made amazing progress, moving toward high speed, large capacity, and low price.
The urgent need for mass production has driven the advancement of automation technology. One of the results was the birth of CNC machine tools in 1952. The research on control and mechanical parts related to CNC machine tools has laid the foundation for the development of robots.
On the other hand, the harsh environment of the Atomic Energy Laboratory requires certain operating machinery to replace humans with radioactive materials. In the context of this demand, the Argonne Institute of the American Atomic Energy Commission developed a remote-controlled robot in 1947, and in 1948 developed a mechanical master-slave manipulator.
In 1954, Daiwal of the United States first proposed the concept of industrial robots and applied for a patent. The main point of this patent is to control the joints of the robot by means of servo technology, and to teach the robots by human hands, and the robot can realize the recording and reproduction of the actions. This is the so-called teaching reproduction robot. Most of the existing robots use this control method.
As the earliest practical model of robot products (teaching reproduction), it was "VERSTRAN" promoted by AMF in the United States in 1962 and "UNIMATE" introduced by UNIMATION. The control methods of these industrial robots are similar to those of CNC machine tools, but the shape characteristics are very different, mainly composed of human hands and arms.
In 1965, MIT's Roborts demonstrated the first robotic system with visual sensors that recognize and locate simple building blocks.
In 1967, Japan established the Artificial Hand Research Association (now renamed the Bionics Research Association), and in the same year held the first Japanese Robotics Conference.
In 1970, the first International Conference on Industrial Robotics was held in the United States. After 1970, the research of robots was rapidly and widely spread.
In 1973, Richard Howe of Cincinnati Milacron created the first industrial robot controlled by a small computer that was hydraulically driven and capable of lifting payloads up to 45 kg.
In 1980, industrial robots were really popular in Japan, so the year was called "the first year of robots."
Subsequently, industrial robots have been greatly developed in Japan, and Japan has thus won the "beauty of the robot kingdom."
According to the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and the International Federation of Robotics (IFR), by the end of 2003, the total number of robots operating in the United States was 112,400, an increase of 7% over 2002. It is estimated that by the end of 2007, the number of robots running will reach 145,000. Statistics on the number of industrial robots per 10,000 employees. By the end of 2003, there were 63 industrial robots per 10,000 employees in the US manufacturing industry. Although the United States has entered the top ten in the world in terms of rankings, it still has a big gap with the previous few, which is only 43% of Germany, 54% of Italy and 68% of the EU. Compared with ordinary manufacturing, the number of industrial robots per 10,000 industrial workers in the US auto industry has increased significantly, reaching 740, but still far lower than Japan (1400 robots), Italy (1400 robots) and Germany. (1000 robots.
The United States is the birthplace of robots. As early as 1962, the world's first industrial robot was developed. It is at least five or six years before the start of Japan, which is known as the robot kingdom. After more than 40 years of development, the United States has become one of the world's strong robots with a solid foundation and advanced technology. Looking at its history of development. The road is tortuous and uneven.
During the 1960s and 1970s, industrial robots in the United States were mainly based on the research stage, but only a few universities and a few companies carried out related research work. At that time, the US government did not include industrial robots in key development projects. In particular, the unemployment rate in the United States was as high as 6.65%. The government worried that the development of robots would cause more people to lose their jobs. Therefore, neither financial support nor robot development was organized. . Under the guidance of such policies, enterprises are not willing to take risks to apply or manufacture robots. This has led to missed opportunities for development and is on the level of using rigid automation devices. This cannot but be said to be a strategic decision mistake of the US government. In the late 1970s, although the US government and the business community changed their understanding of the manufacture and application of industrial robots, they still focused on the research of robot software and advanced robots in special fields such as military, space, ocean, and nuclear engineering. In terms of development, Japan's industrial robots came to the fore, and soon surpassed the United States in the application of industrial production and robot manufacturing, and the products formed a strong competitiveness in the international market.
After entering the 1980s, the United States felt that the situation was urgent, and the government and the business community began to really value robots. Developed and adopted corresponding policies and measures to encourage the development and application of robots in the industrial sector. On the other hand, formulate plans, increase investment, increase research funding for robots, and regard robots as a feature of re-industrialization in the United States. development of. In the mid-to-late 1980s, as the technology of robots used by major manufacturers became more mature, the technical performance of the first generation of robots could not meet the actual needs. The United States began producing second-generation robots with vision and power, and quickly occupied 60% of the US robot market.
Industrial robots developed in Japan: At the same time, Japan in the 1870s was facing a serious labor shortage, a problem that has become a major constraint to its economic development. There is no doubt that industrial robots that were born in the United States and put into production have brought good news to Japan. In 1967, Kawasaki Heavy Industries of Japan first introduced robots and technology from the United States, established a production plant, and in 1968, produced the first Japanese-made unimate robot. After a brief cradle, Japanese industrial robots quickly entered the practical stage and gradually expanded from the automotive industry to other manufacturing and non-manufacturing industries. In 1980, it was called Japan's "first year of robot popularization", and Japan began to promote the use of robots in various fields, which greatly eased the social contradiction of a serious shortage of labor in the market. Coupled with the multi-faceted encouragement policies adopted by the Japanese government, these robots have been welcomed by the majority of enterprises. From 1980 to 1990, Japan’s industrial robots were in their heyday. Later, the international market once turned to Europe and North America, but Japan resumed its former glory after a brief downturn. At the end of 1993, there were 610,000 industrial robots installed worldwide, of which 60% were in Japan, 8% in the United States, 17% in Europe, and 12% in Russia and Eastern Europe.
The number of industrial robots in Germany ranks third in the world, second only to Japan and the United States, and its research and application of intelligent robots is in the leading position in the world. At present, on the basis of popularizing the first generation of industrial robots, the second generation of industrial robots has been promoted and applied to become mainstream installation models, and the third generation of intelligent robots has occupied a certain proportion and has become the development direction. The world's robot suppliers are divided into Japanese and European. Sweden's ABB is one of the world's largest robot manufacturing companies. In 1974, the world's first fully electronically controlled industrial robot IRB6 was developed, which was mainly used for workpiece pick-and-place and material handling. The first welding robot was produced in 1975. After the acquisition of the Trallfa painting robot company in 1980, its robot products have become more complete. Industrial robots manufactured by ABB are widely used in welding, assembly casting, seal coating, material handling, packaging, painting, water cutting and other fields. KUKA Roboter Gmbh in Germany is one of the top manufacturers of industrial robots in the world. In 1973, KUKA's first industrial robot was developed. The annual output reaches about 10,000 units. The robots are widely used in the fields of instruments, automobiles, aerospace, food, pharmaceuticals, medicine, foundry, plastics, etc., mainly used in materials processing, machine tool equipment, packaging, stacking, welding, surface rest and other fields.
China's industrial robots started in the early 1970s, and their development process can be roughly divided into three stages: the germination period of the 1970s; the development period of the 1980s; and the practical period of the 1990s. Now, after more than 20 years of development, it has begun to take shape. At present, China has produced some key components of robots, and developed industrial robots such as arc welding, spot welding, palletizing, assembly, handling, injection molding, stamping, and painting. A number of domestic industrial robots have served on the production lines of many domestic enterprises; a group of research talents in robotics have also emerged. Some relevant scientific research institutions and enterprises have mastered the optimization design and manufacturing technology of industrial robot manipulators; industrial robot control, hardware design technology of drive system; robot software design and programming technology; kinematics and trajectory planning technology; arc welding, spot welding And the development and preparation technology of large robot automatic production lines and peripheral equipment. Some key technologies have reached or are close to the world level.
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