Depth analysis | What do we need to know about car seat design?

Lei Feng network (search "Lei Feng network" public number concerned) : According to the author Zhang Xiaoming, designer, vehicle engineering.

In order to make this article dry enough, I spent 1 month searching for information from various sources. In addition to a detailed study of the content of the "Motor Fan" magazine issued in April 2009 (2009) in Japan, ... and deep communication with the brand seat engineers.

It is no joke that in all car designs, designers first determine the seat design. To be precise, designers first considered the sitting position of the members of the car. For the SUV model, the driver's posture will be more upright and the position will be higher; for the car, the driver will sit much lower and slightly back; for some cars (such as the equations of each level) The driver is actually "lying" in the car. The reason for designing the seat first is that the seat can be designed based on the H point of the human body after determining the driver's sitting posture, including position, shape, thickness, adjustable angle, and the like. Only after determining the sitting position can the position of the steering wheel, pedal, center console, door, etc. be finalized.

In order to design a comfortable seat, it is certainly not possible to rely on various ideas. It is important to know the specific human data. In general, designers use the human percentage template as a reference. In other words, the designed seat can allow a percentage of people to ride properly. This sounds simple, to show you that the seat design is complicated:

The spine of the human body is naturally S-shaped, so the backrest of the seat is designed to be concave in the upper part and protruding in the lower part. In general, if people want to sit comfortably, the seats must have strong support for the upper chest, the middle and upper back, and the lower part of the lumbar spine.

Do not think that the seat comfort is not a long-term ride is not tired, in fact, the seat design another problem to be solved is to deal with acceleration. For the car, whether it is rapid acceleration or sharp turn, its vertical or horizontal acceleration can reach about 0.7G, 0.8G. Therefore, the seat in addition to a certain amount of lateral support, thus limiting the movement of the driver's body back and forth, but also be able to eliminate the uncomfortable feeling of the members of the car in the synthetic acceleration state.

The general seat is composed of a surface material, a filler, a skeleton, an adjustment device, and a body connector. Although it does not seem very complicated, but because of the high frequency of use of seats, and is closely related to safety, so each part must be designed to take into account the safety and durability. Therefore, the research and development cycle of the seat is very long, and it is basically synchronized with the entire vehicle. The engineer told me that the development cycle is about 2 years for watch chain seats.

The seat is an important safety component, and its performance is determined by factors such as skeleton, material and style. These are extremely professional content, require the accumulation of data and development experience, and also require professional experimental verification facilities and technologies. Judging from the skills and experience currently possessed by Chinese designers and engineers, it is indeed a more difficult process to fully automate the research and development of seats. It is said that China currently does not have the strength to independently develop seats.

Well, here is an overview. I'll talk about seat design in different directions.

Do you think the fabric is simply a variety of materials to go up? Of course not, in fact, the fabric of the seat is a professional. How to maximize a block of leather? How to sewn after sitting sedentary will not be damaged? How is the surface treated so that the seat is resistant to scratches, light, and washable? How to ensure the durability of the seat in an extreme environment? These are the seats that need to be considered when developing. The engineer told me that their bracelet-style seats are a hand-sewn leather bracelet with a hand-stitched effect. If the seat is dismantled, it is still a whole piece of leather. Well-designed.

Although the fabric seat looks low, but the advantages are many, many people are very resistant to fabric seats when buying a car, that will seriously pull down the car's image. But in fact, fabric seats also have many advantages, such as breathability. When a person sits in a chair, it is basically in perfect conformity with the chair surface, which causes heat to be scattered and is therefore particularly prone to sweating. However, the fabric material seat basically does not have this problem. At the same time, the friction of the fabric seat is very large, which can well limit the person's sliding on the seat, and it will not be dangerous when making a sharp turn or sudden braking.

Is the seat leather other than the fabric material? In the vehicle configuration table, there are generally two types of material in the seat column: fabric and leather. The texture of the fabric is not mentioned, but do you know that many so-called leather seats are not leather? In order to control the cost, general OEMs use a material called PVC to replace the leather. This material has poor air permeability, poor flexibility, and it does not have delicate leather feel. However, it is easier to manage than the leather, and the cost is naturally lower. Many consumers do not understand, so they are deceived by this so-called leather. For low-end models such as BMW and Audi, it is possible to use a PVC seat.

In addition to PVC, there is also a "high-fidelity leather," using artificial materials called microfibers. Although this material is not leather, it can do the same with the dermis and it is easy to take care of. Although the cost of this material is not low, but compared with the leather can still be cheaper, many OEMs will apply this material to the middle or high-end models. Of the bracelet-type seats in the figure below, 90% are NAPPA skins and 10% are microfibers.

Many seat brands will emphasize in the configuration table that they are equipped with NAPPA leather seats. But in fact, there is no such leather called NAPPA. The upper chart chain seat uses calfskin from Bavaria, Germany, but uses a special tanning technique to ensure the breath of the dermis and the cortex. It is more delicate and soft, and of course it is more wear-resistant. This special secondary processed leather is called NAPPA leather.

In addition to comfort and support, it is more important to be safe. A person puts pressure on the seat and the seat gives a back-up support. This is what we learned in high school. Therefore, in the normal driving state, the seat should be able to ensure good support for the driver, and at the same time, the support force is distributed to various parts of the body by a reasonable design to ensure long-distance driving comfort. In special circumstances, such as collisions, the seats must be designed to ensure the safety of the members of the vehicle. This is a major difficulty in the design of the seat structure.

Change in seat configuration

Prior to 1960, the mainstream seat inner support was constructed as a coiled spring, with primarily comfort in mind. However, this coiled-type spring has a large weight and occupies space. Therefore, designers have developed an S-type spring as an alternative to coiled-spring. Later, after many experiments, the designers found that if the reeling type and the S-shaped spring are used together, it can not only improve the comfort, but also ensure enough support, but at the same time, the weight does not increase too much. The design began to appear in some high-end models.

Seats also need to consider lightweight

The volume of the seat is relatively large, and therefore, the weight must be taken into consideration in the design. Of course, the premise is that the safety cannot be lost. The more intuitive method is to reduce the use of metal materials, such as the use of thinner and lighter materials, or rely on drilling to reduce weight, but this requires a lot of simulation analysis to ensure the safety of the seat.

The interior layout of the seat is a big challenge

In the interior of the seat, in addition to the basic structural components, complex electric motors and even air-conditioning pipes are arranged. Designers must ensure the reliability and durability of all components, and control the volume and weight as much as possible. Not a small challenge. The engineer told me that the massage function is more difficult to design in the seat layout, because the module will take up a lot of space, but also to ensure the durability and safety of the function, you need to adjust a little bit.

Normal sitting can reach all keys on the center console

In determining the driver's posture, one of the requirements is that the driver must be able to control all the keys on the center console while in the normal seated position. This also has a proper term in car design, called "hand stretch interface." This is not only to facilitate the driver's operation, but also to ensure the safety when driving.

To be able to adapt to different heights of drivers

For different drivers, the length of the cushion, the length of the cushion, the width of the cushion, the position of the headrest, etc. all bring different driving feelings. As a result, designers need to consider the different heights of the driver when designing the seat, design a reasonable adjustment range, and try to meet the needs of most people.

Easy to control throttle and brake pedal

To be honest, few people will notice this, but for designers, it is also a factor that must be considered when designing a seat. In order to ensure the safety of the members in the car, the driver must ensure that he can fully apply the brakes under normal sitting posture. This is related to the height of the seat cushion, the angle of the seat, the angle of the pedal, etc. It also needs to be considered comprehensively.

Avoid arms and body parts "fighting"

You may encounter various emergencies while driving, and you need to make quick directions. This requires that there should be no other components in the range of arm movement that interfere with the driver's operation, otherwise it is very dangerous.

Seat comfort lies in the dispersion of gravity

Seat engineers have studied that the seat cushions of ordinary seats are mainly concentrated on the hips and thighs while the seat cushions are in use. When the seat backs are in the seat, the pressure is mainly concentrated on the waist, so that sitting up can be particularly tired. The specially designed seat can spread the pressure of the hips and thighs to the thighs close to the knees, and the pressure on the waist will also spread to the upper back and even the shoulders.

Meet the requirements of comfort, minimize backrest thickness

We all know that a relatively thick backrest is more comfortable to ride. However, in order to ensure the seating space in the vehicle, designers must ensure that the thickness of the backrest is reduced as much as possible to meet the requirements of comfort. And for those who want to reduce the thickness of the backrest for the sake of space and do not consider comfort, would you be ridiculing?

If lying, please lie down

The rear seats of some models are like the first class of the aircraft, allowing passengers to “ride” the car. Such seats are often equipped with leg rests to lift the lower legs, which helps improve the blood circulation in the footsteps. For such seats, if the headrest can also be angled or adjusted front to back, this will provide adequate support for the neck.

Seat motor - small but also a good job

The electric adjustment of the seat is based on the motor installed in the seat. No matter whether it is the position or additional functions such as heating, massage, ventilation, etc., the motor is required to have a small body, great strength, and good durability. The general motor is Really not meet the high requirements.

Adjustable rear backrest angle is a conscience design

The engineer told me that the backrest angle that best fits the Chinese body shape is 25-29 degrees. In this case, if the rear seat backrest can adjust the angle, it is really a conscience design. It can be both comfortable and comfortable, and it can also expand the interior space.

Seat heating - couples are not as good as the original

Many low-end models have no seat heating function, but many owners think so: I can buy it from a certain treasure in the later stages, and I have a lot of money. However, as I said earlier, the seat is a very important safety component. The rear seat heating may not be as good as the standard seat heating in the heating effect and even the durability. It is not up to the standard specified by the OEM. Therefore, I personally Still do not recommend chaos reform.

The most comfortable in the back row is the butterfly headrest

If you have experienced butterfly head restraints, you will definitely agree with me. In my opinion, the head restraints on the back row should definitely be as soft as possible on the premise of ensuring safety. But if it is a butterfly head pillow, it would be better, because it can limit the lateral movement of the head, will there be a kind of pillow on the "double peak" feeling?

Ass is the most sensitive information receiver?

Nowadays, there are various active and passive safety configurations on some models. If the vehicle deviates from the lane when the turn signal is not turned on, the seat vibrates to alert the driver. The engineer told me that using the vibration of the seat to transmit the warning message to the driver is a safer design than the indicator lights or voice prompts on the dashboard, but the cost will be relatively high.

Seats, seat belts, and airbags are usually a system

Since seats are important safety components, designers often consider seats, seat belts, and air bags as a system when they are designed. This system is called a member restraint system. Although it sounds simple, there are actually many N experiments to do, otherwise it will not be able to pass national regulations and collision test requirements.

Prevent excessive stress on the body during a collision

When there is an impact from the rear, the human body will give the back of the seat back a force, and the distribution of the force is an inverted “T” shape. At this time, the biggest pressure point is near the lumbar spine. As a result, the seat engineers improved the form and distribution of the spring inside the backrest, thereby reducing the stress on the seat during the collision.

Controlling the lower body's advancement during rear-end

Many models of seat cushions will have a certain angle to meet the comfort, but also can limit the members of the car in the rear-end collision with the body will not move forward. At present, there is a device that can lift the knee cushion again when the rear-end collision occurs, thereby exerting a stronger restrictive sliding effect on the lower limb.

The main purpose of the head restraint is to prevent injury during the rear-end

Researchers in Japan have investigated traffic accidents. Among them, 30% of accidents are caused by rear-end collisions. In the rear-end accidents, 90% of them are injured in the neck. Although this type of injury is not fatal, once the neck is injured, it will require longer-term treatment and there may be a series of complications. The design of the head restraint is to prevent the neck from being hurt in the rear-end collision.

The most important test in the headrest design - the whipping test

The whiplash test during the headrest design process is actually a simulation of low-speed touch in real life. The reason why it is called whipping is because under the great impact, due to inertia, the head will swing back, like a whip. If there is no reasonable support for the head, the cervical spine will be overstressed and broken.

300,000 trip endurance tests

The engineers told me that their top seats will perform 300,000 simulated human body alighting tests. It must be ensured that under such durability tests, the seats will not be deformed, damaged, and function properly.

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